What is Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)?

RTK GNSS operates by using two key components: a base station and a rover. The base station is placed at a known, fixed location and continuously receives satellite signals. It calculates correction data based on its known position and broadcasts this information to the rover, which applies the corrections to improve its positional accuracy.

• High Precision: Achieves accuracy within centimetres.
• Real-Time Data: Provides instant corrections for dynamic applications.
• Reliability: Reduces errors caused by atmospheric interference and satellite orbit deviations.
• Versatility: Suitable for land, air, and marine environments.

• Surveying and Mapping: For precise land surveys and topographical mapping.
• Agriculture: Enhances precision farming techniques, such as automated tractor guidance.
• Construction: Ensures accuracy in site layout and machine control.
• Autonomous Vehicles: Supports navigation systems in drones, self-driving cars, and robotics.
• Marine Applications: Assists in dredging, hydrographic surveying, and offshore operations.

• Base Station: A GNSS receiver positioned at a known location.
• Rover Receiver: A mobile GNSS receiver that applies real-time corrections.
• Communication Link: Typically uses radio, cellular networks, or the internet to transmit correction data from the base to the rover.

RTK GNSS can achieve horizontal positioning accuracy within 1-2 centimetres and vertical accuracy within 2-3 centimetres, depending on environmental conditions and equipment quality.

• Signal Obstruction: Accuracy can be affected by tall buildings, dense foliage, or tunnels.
• Communication Dependency: Requires a stable link between the base station and rover.
• Limited Range: The accuracy decreases with distance from the base station, typically up to 20-30 km.

Standard GNSS provides position accuracy within 1-5 metres, suitable for general navigation. In contrast, RTK GNSS uses correction data to reduce errors, achieving centimetre-level accuracy ideal for precision-critical applications.

Yes, alternatives include:

• Precise Point Positioning (PPP): Offers high accuracy without a local base station but requires longer convergence times.
• Differential GNSS (DGNSS): Provides sub-metre accuracy using correction signals from reference stations.

RTK GNSS technology is advancing with the integration of multi-constellation support, improved algorithms, and the use of network RTK services that eliminate the need for local base stations, expanding its applications in autonomous systems and smart infrastructure.